Research on China’s marine protected areas policy based on Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework 2030 targets

Authors

Ke DUAN, Key Laboratory of Carrying Capacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Chinese Academy of Natural Resources Economics, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100035, ChinaFollow
Xiulin WANG, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, ChinaFollow

Keywords

biological diversity, national,park, large scale marine protected areas, coral reefs, Kunming-Montreal Global biodiversity framework, BBNJ agreement

Document Type

Policy & Management Research

Abstract

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework adopted by the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) at the Conference of Parties (COP15) has set a series of targets, including protecting at least 30% of the oceans by 2030 worldwide. In China, how to build a marine ecological civilization in synergy with the targets has become an important issue. This study analyzes the necessity of accelerating the construction of marine protected areas in China from the perspectives of adapting to international trends, fulfilling the responsibilities of international conventions, safeguarding maritime rights and interests, and implementing the maritime power and strategy. The feasibility is discussed from the aspects of national financial support, policy support and marine comprehensive strength support. It summarized and sorted out the problems in the construction of marine protected areas in China, including small scale, slow development and the large gap between domestic and international communities, the concept of marine management by land-based thinking, and the lack of land-sea classification, the imperfect management system, the backward technical standards and so on. With a problem-oriented approach, this study puts forward some countermeasures and suggestions to improve the management system of marine protected areas in China, optimize and integrate offshore protected areas, promote the construction of the South China Sea National Park, and focus on global marine protection and governance.

First page

1154

Last Page

1167

Language

Chinese

Publisher

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences

References

1 International Union for Conservation of Nature. Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories. Gland: IUCN, 1994.

2 Lewis N, Day J C, Wilhelm A, et al. Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas: Guidelines for Design and Management. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series, No. 26. Gland: IUCN, 2017.

3 魏辅文, 平晓鸽, 胡义波, 等. 中国生物多样性保护取得的主要成绩、面临的挑战与对策建议. 中国科学院院刊, 2021, 36(4): 375-383. Wei F W, Ping X G, Hu Y B, et al. Main achievements, challenges, and recommendations of biodiversity conservation in China. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2021, 36(4): 375-383. (in Chinese)

4 Sand P H. ‘Marine protected areas’ off UK overseas territories: Comparing the South Orkneys Shelf and the Chagos Archipelago. The Geographical Journal, 2012, 178(3): 201-207.

5 段克, 韩立民. 国际海洋保护区发展趋势与中国应对策略. 中国海洋大学学报（社会科学版）, 2022, (4): 60-71. Duan K, Han L M. The development of international marine protected areas and China’s strategies. Journal of Ocean University of China (Social Sciences), 2022, (4): 60-71. (in Chinese)

6 Howson P. Degrowth and the Blue Belt: Rethinking marine conservation in the British Overseas Territories. Ocean & Coastal Management, 2020, 196: 105290.

7 NationsUnited. Draft Agreement Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation And Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction. New York: United Nations, 2023.

8 Visconti P, Butchart S H M, Brooks T M, et al. Protected area targets post-2020. Science, 2019, 364: 239-241.

9 Government H M. A Green Future: Our 25 Year Plan to Improve the Environment. London: Department for the Environment Food & Rural Affairs, 2018.

10 Commission European. EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 —Bringing Nature Back Into Our Lives. Brussels: European Commission, 2020.

11 Lubchenco J, Haugan P M, Pangestu M E. Five priorities for a sustainable ocean economy. Nature, 2020, 588: 30-32.

12 The White House. Executive order on tackling the climate crisis at home and abroad. (2021-01-27)[2023-06-16]. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidentialactions/2021/01/27/executive-order-on-tackling-the-climatecrisis-at-home-and-abroad/.

13 IUCN World Conservation Congress. The Marseille Manifesto. (2021-09-10)[2023-06-16]. https://www.iucncongress2020.org/newsroom/congress-highlights.

14 United Nations Environment Programme, Mediterranean Action Plan Barcelona Convention. Report of the 22nd meeting of the contracting parties to the convention for the protection of the marine environment and the coastal region of the mediterranean and its protocols (COP 22). Antalya: UNEP/MAP, 2021.

15 United Nations Ocean Conference. Our Ocean, Our Future, Our Responsibility: Final Draft. Lisbon: UN Ocean Conference, 2022.

16 Convention on Biological Diversity. Nations adopt four goals, 23 targets for 2030 in landmark UN biodiversity agreement. (2022-12-19)[2022-12-20]. https://prod.drupal.www.infra.cbd.int/sites/default/files/2022-12/221219-cbd-pressrelease-cop15-final_0.pdf.

17 High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy. Transformations for a sustainable ocean economy: A vision for protection, production and prosperity. [2022-10-08]. https://oceanpanel.org/the-agenda/.

18 李荣超. 中美海洋生态损害赔偿制度比较研究——以渤海湾与墨西哥湾溢油事故为例. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2019. Li R C. Comparative study on compensation system for marine ecological damage between China and the United States—Taking oil spill accidents in Bohai Bay and Gulf of Mexico as examples. Chongqing: Chongqing University, 2019. (in Chinese)

19 Zou Y Y, Hou Y. China-US Maritime Cooperation: Features and Future Efforts. China International Studies, 2017, (4): 23-38.

20 段克, 余静. “海洋命运共同体”理念助推中国参与全球海洋治理. 中国海洋大学学报（社会科学版）, 2021, (6): 15-23. Duan K, Yu J. The strategy research for promoting global ocean governance based on the concept of “maritime community with a shared future”. Journal of Ocean University of China (Social Sciences), 2021, (6): 15-23. (in Chinese)

21 段克, 刘峥延, 梁生康, 等. 海洋生态保护修复：国际议程与中国行动. 中国科学院院刊, 2023, 38(2): 277-287. Duan K, Liu Z Y, Liang S K, et al. Marine ecological protection and restoration: International agendas and China action. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2023, 38(2): 277-287. (in Chinese)

22 Connell J H. Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science, 1978, 199: 1302-1310.

23 Jackson J B C, Kirby M X, Berger W H, et al. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science, 2001, 293: 629-637.

24 Roberts C M, McClean C J, Veron J E N, et al. Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science, 2002, 295: 1280-1284.

25 Ferrario F, Beck M W, Storlazzi C D, et al. The effectiveness of coral reefs for coastal hazard risk reduction and adaptation. Nature Communications, 2014, 5: 3794.

26 Cinner J E, Huchery C, MacNeil M A, et al. Bright spots among the world’s coral reefs. Nature, 2016, 535: 416-419.

27 Bruno J F, Selig E R. Regional decline of coral cover in the indo-pacific: Timing, extent, and subregional comparisons. PLoS One, 2007, 2(8): e711.

28 黄林韬, 黄晖, 江雷. 中国造礁石珊瑚分类厘定. 生物多样性, 2020, 28(4): 515-523.Huang L T, Huang H, Jiang L. A revised taxonomy for Chinese hermatypic corals. Biodiversity Science, 2020, 28(4): 515-523. (in Chinese)

29 段克, 刘峥延, 李刚, 等. 滨海蓝碳生态系统保护与碳交易机制研究. 中国国土资源经济, 2021, 34(12): 37-47.Duan K, Liu Z Y, Li G, et al. Research on the coastal blue carbon ecosystem conservation and carbon trading mechanism. Natural Resource Economics of China, 2021, 34(12): 37-47. (in Chinese)

30 Duarte C M, Losada I J, Hendriks I E, et al. The role of coastal plant communities for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 2013, 3(11): 961-968.

31 Krause-Jensen D, Duarte C M. Substantial role of macroalgae in marine carbon sequestration. Nature Geoscience, 2016, 9(10): 737-742.

32 Hutto S H, Brown M, Francis E. National Marine Sanctuaries Conservation Science Series ONMS-21-07. Washington D C: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2021.

33 Atwood T B, Connolly R M, Ritchie E G, et al. Predators help protect carbon stocks in blue carbon ecosystems. Nature Climate Change, 2015, 5(12): 1038-1045.

34 Lamb J B, Williamson D H, Russ G R, et al. Protected areas mitigate diseases of reef-building corals by reducing damage from fishing. Ecology, 2015, 96(9): 2555-2567.

35 Mumby P J, Harborne A R, Williams J, et al. Trophic cascade facilitates coral recruitment in a marine reserve. PNAS, 2007, 104(20): 8362-8367.

36Sala E, Mayorga J, Bradley D, et al. Protecting the global ocean for biodiversity, Food and climate. Nature, 2021, 592: 397-402.

37 Worm B, Hilborn R, Baum J K, et al. Rebuilding global fisheries. Science, 2009, 325: 578-585.

38 Kerwath S E, Winker H, Götz A, et al. Marine protected area improves yield without disadvantaging fishers. Nature Communications, 2013, 4: 2347.

39 Speed C W, Cappo M, Meekan M G. Evidence for rapid recovery of shark populations within a coral reef marine protected area. Biological Conservation, 2018, 220: 308-319.

40 Wilmers C C, Estes J A, Edwards M, et al. Do trophic cascades affect the storage and flux of atmospheric carbon? An analysis of sea otters and kelp forests. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 2012, 10(8): 409-415.

41 Maxwell S L, Cazalis V, Dudley N, et al. Area-based conservation in the twenty-first century. Nature, 2020, 586: 217-227.

42 Haine T W N, Curry B, Gerdes R, et al. Arctic freshwater export: Status, mechanisms, and prospects. Global and Planetary Change, 2015, 125: 13-35.

43 Stammerjohn S, Scambos T A. Antarctica and the southern ocean,. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 2021, 102(8): S317-S355.

44 Cai W J, Chen L Q, Chen B S, et al. Decrease in the CO2 uptake capacity in an ice-free Arctic Ocean Basin. Science, 2010, 329: 556-559.

45 Qi D, Chen L Q, Chen B S, et al. Increase in acidifying water in the western Arctic Ocean. Nature Climate Change, 2017, 7(3): 195-199.

46 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Geneva: IPCC, 2019.

47 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization-Intelligent Operations Center. The United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021-2030) Implementation Plan. Paris: UNESCO-IOC, 2021.

48 陈丹红. 南极旅游业的发展与中国应采取的对策的思考. 极地研究, 2012, 24(1): 73-79. Chen D H. Study on the development of Antarctic tourism and the countermeasures China should take. Chinese Journal of Polar Research, 2012, 24(1): 73-79. (in Chinese)

Recommended Citation

DUAN, Ke and WANG, Xiulin (2023) "Research on China’s marine protected areas policy based on Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework 2030 targets," Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version): Vol. 38 : Iss. 8 , Article 6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20230407001
Available at: https://bulletinofcas.researchcommons.org/journal/vol38/iss8/6