•  
  •  
 

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Chinese Version)

Keywords

High Risk-High Reward (HRHR); transformative innovation; original innovation; science funding; science and technology policy; academic review

Document Type

World Science and Technology Power Construction - Last Ten Years Review and Future Trend of Science and Technology of China - Policy & Management Research

Abstract

High Risk-High Reward (HRHR) research refers to scientific research with high risk of failure but characterized by breakthrough, innovation and originality. It truly reflects the original innovation ability of science and technology, is committed to bringing major scientific discoveries and technological breakthroughs, and is conducive to accelerating the improvement of national competitiveness in original science and technology. The theoretical and methodological research in this area will help improve science and technology policies. On the basis of clarifying its development background, conceptual connotation and characteristics, this paper discusses the construction of a "decision-fundingimplementation" model of HRHR research and management system. By taking the HRHR projects of typical international scientific research institutions as case studies, it systematically analyzes, compares and summarizes the basic principles, review processes, advantages and disadvantages of representative academic review mechanisms such as peer-review model, project-manager model, and de-review model. Based on the innovation experience of foreign HRHR research projects, some suggestions are put forward:formulate HRHR research funding policies to promote original innovation; improve the academic review mechanism for selecting HRHR research; and create an excellent academic ecology that stimulates HRHR research development.

First page

661

Last Page

673

Language

Chinese

Publisher

Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences

References

1 张志强. 坚持科技发展正确理念实现科技自主自立自强. 世界科技研究与发展, 2021, 43(1):1-7.

Zhang Z Q. Set up the correct ideas of science and technology development and realize the self-reliance and independent development of science and technology. World Sci-Tech R & D, 2021, 43(1):1-7. (in Chinese)

2 WIPO. Global Innovation Index 2021:Tracking Innovation through the COVID-19 Crisis. (2021-09-20)[2021-10-27]. https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2021. pdf.

3 O'Connor C. The natural selection of conservative science. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A, 2019, 76:24-29.

4 Nicholson J M, Ioannidis J P A. Conform and be funded. Nature, 2012, 492:34-36.

5 Boudreau K J, Guinan E C, Lakhani K R, et al. Looking across and looking beyond the knowledge frontier:Intellectual distance, novelty, and resource allocation in science. Management Science, 2016, 62(10):2765-2783.

6 Stanford P K. Unconceived alternatives and conservatism in science:The impact of professionalization, peer-review, and Big Science. Synthese, 2019, 196(10):3915-3932.

7 Sinkjær T. Fund ideas, not pedigree, to find fresh insight. Nature, 2018, 555:143.

8 Kuhn T S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1962.

9 张志强. 科技强国科技发展战略与规划研究. 北京:科学出版社, 2020.

Zhang Z Q. Research on Science and Technology Development Strategy and Planning of Science and Technology Power. Beijing:Science Press, 2020. (in Chinese)

10 陈云伟, 曹玲静, 张志强. 新冠肺炎疫情大流行对国际科技发展的影响及其启示. 中国科学院院刊, 2021, 36(11):1348-1358.

Chen Y W, Cao L J, Zhang Z Q. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on science and technology development worldwide and its enlightenment. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2021, 36(11):1348-1358. (in Chinese)

11 United States Department of State. 2020 National Strategy for Critical & Emerging Technologies. (2020-10-20)[2021-04-10]. https://nps.edu/web/slamr/-/2020-national-strategy-for-criticalemerging-technologies.

12 NSTC. Critical and emerging technologies list update. (2022-02-02)[2022-03-19]. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wpcontent/uploads/2022/02/02-2022-Critical-and-EmergingTechnologies-List-Update.pdf.

13 Congress. America COMPETES Act of 2022. (2021-01-25)[2022-04-18]. https://www.congress.gov/117/bills/hr4521/BILLS-117hr4521eas.pdf.

14 UK Government. UK research and development roadmap. (2020-07-01)[2021-10-10]. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-research-and-development-roadmap.

15 UK Government. MOD Science and Technology Strategy. (2020-10-19)[2021-09-10]. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/mod-science-and-technology-strategy-2020.

16 Bush V. Science, the Endless Frontier. Princeton:Princeton University Press, 2020.

17 Braben D W. Pioneering Research:A Risk Worth Taking. Hoboken:John Wiley & Sons, 2004.

18 龚旭. 科学基金与创新性研究——美国国家科学基金会支持变革性研究的相关政策分析. 中国科学基金, 2011, 25(2):105-110.

Gong X. Public funding and innovative research-An analysis on the policy of supporting transformative research at national science foundation of U.S. Bulletin of National Natural Science Foundation of China, 2011, 25(2):105-110. (in Chinese)

19 Lee F S. The Research Assessment Exercise, the state and the dominance of mainstream economics in British universities. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 2006, 31(2):309-325.

20 Gillies D. Economics and research assessment systems. Economic Thought, 2012, 1:23-47.

21 The United States Congress. America Competes Act of 2007. (2007-08-09)[2021-09-27]. https://www.congress.gov/110/plaws/publ69/PLAW-110publ69.pdf.

22 OECD. Effective Policies to Foster High-Risk/High-Reward Research. Paris:OECD Publishing, 2021.

23 National Science Board. Enhancing Support of Transformative Research at the National Science Foundation. (2007-05-07)[2021-09-27]. https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2007/nsb0732/nsb0732.pdf.

24 Machado D. Quantitative Indicators for High-Risk/HighReward Research. Paris:OECD Publishing, 2021.

25 智强, 林梦柔. 美国国防部DARPA创新项目管理方式研究. 科学学与科学技术管理, 2015, 36(10):12-22.

Zhi Q, Lin M R. The management of DARPA and its implication to China. Science of Science and Management of S&T, 2015, 36(10):12-22. (in Chinese)

26 郝君超, 王海燕, 李哲. DARPA科研项目组织模式及其对中国的启示. 科技进步与对策, 2015, 32(9):6-9.

Hao J C, Wang H Y, Li Z. Research on DARPA's projects organization and its implications for China. Science & Technology Progress and Policy, 2015, 32(9):6-9. (in Chinese)

27 Tollefson J. The rise of 'ARPA-everything' and what it means for science. Nature, 2021, 595:483-484.

28 Collins F S, Schwetz T A, Tabak L A, et al. ARPA-H:Accelerating biomedical breakthroughs. Science, 2021, 373:165-167.

29 Badia L, Plaut J M, von Fischer J C, et al. Envisioning ARPA-C:A transdisciplinary institution for radical climate research and intervention. Earth's Future, 2021, 9(6):e2021EF002115.

30 Liu M Y, Choy V, Clarke P, et al. The acceptability of using a lottery to allocate research funding:A survey of applicants. Research Integrity and Peer Review, 2020, 5(1):3.

31 Chawla D S. Swiss funder draws lots to make grant decisions. Nature, 2021, doi:10.1038/d41586-021-01232-3.

32 曾婧婧, 宋娇娇, 李铭禄. 参与风险约束下科技悬赏的激励机制研究. 科研管理, 2018, 39(11):40-48.

Zeng J J, Song J J, Li M L. A study of the incentive mechanism of science and technology inducement under the constraint of participating risk. Science Research Management, 2018, 39(11):40-48. (in Chinese)

Share

COinS